Biological control of patersons curse with crown and root boring weevils. Two species of lace bugs,dictyla echii schrank anddictyla nassata puton, were tested for host specificity as potential biological control agents for paterson s curse,echium plantagineum l. Some control methods described in this note are only effective if used in combination with other control options as part of a longterm management program. Biological control of pests, weeds and diseases pest is an integral part of a successful integrated pest management plan. The paterson s curse crown weevil has taken 12 years to establish in sufficient numbers to reduce the size, vigour and density of paterson s curse. This document was originally published on the website of. At present biocontrol agents are providing varying degrees of control with the crown borer causing the most damage. Noxious weed control program 635 capitol street ne. Grubbing and cutting are suitable for young plants as. Seven 7 different types of insects have been approved for release in australia. In more extensive, lower productivity grazing systems, grazing management, with biological control and spray grazing during winter is the best strategic approach. Pdf benefitcost analysis for biological control of echium. The leaf mining moth has already become established in suitable.
Patersons curse quickly forms a spreading rosette that crowds out other germinating pastures such as annual clovers and annual grasses. Patersons curse flowers, photo by ken french, oda patersons curse seed head, photo by tom forney, oda plant pest risk assessment, oda echium plantagineum 2 of 11. Patersons curse can quickly take over the pasture and render it close to useless. Strategies to prevent poisoning by paterson s curse.
No approved biological control agents are available for this invader. Of the remaining six, four are currently being actively redistributed across southern. Biological control of weeds in australia csiro publishing. Australias current approval procedures for biological. Patersons curse echium plantagineum north west weeds. Regularly check the feeding areas and treat any new infestations. The first, a leafmining moth dialectica scalariella, is widely distributed but has little impact. Biological control of patersons curse with taproot flea. It is a classic garden thug having been introduced via mail order gardening catalogues in the 1840s, then rapidly invading agricultural land. Yhe caterpillar stage of the moth feeds inside the leaves, producing tunnels and chambers which damage the leaf. Biological control of patersons curse with crown and root. Number 18 may 2001 6 desperately seeking agents casting the net widely californian thistle occurs naturally in europe, western asia, and northern africa.
Salvation jane is a mediterranean winter annual which has. The australian wool and meat industries funded the biological control of patersons curse program from 1988 until 2005. Seasonal grazing management tactics, tactical application of herbicides and use of biological control agents can control new or existing paterson s curse infestations. Patersons curse echium plantagineum in the pacific. Patersons curse seed has been found in wildflower mixes in oregon. Biological control of patersons curse with stemboring.
Grazing management will need to be maintained as dormant seed will allow reestablishment of patersons curse. This ancient photographic record on the left is one example of the amazing way cactoblastis cactoblastis cactorum chewed its way through tens of thousands of hectares of prickly pear infested grazing country in inland queensland and new south wales. Seasonal grazing management tactics, tactical application of herbicides and use of biological control agents can control new or existing patersons curse infestations. Four insects have been released to attack patersons curse. The csiro and nsw dpi have been involved in a major biological program to control patersons curse. Managing patersons curse to boot pasture production. Important information about management and control of invasive plants other management techniques if applicable spread prevention, biological control and changes in land use practices may also support patersons curse managment after implementing the prescribed measures above. It is toxic to grazing animals as it contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Boraginaceae, is an herbaceous annual native to western europe and northwest africa. Abundant no need to spread as throughout the range of the plant.
This landcare note describes the paterson s curse crown and root boring weevils, mogulones spp. The adults of both species feed by making shot holes in the leaves. Echium plantagineum, commonly known as purple viper s bugloss or paterson s curse, is a species of echium native to western and southern europe from southern england south to iberia and east to the crimea, northern africa, and southwestern asia east to georgia. It also grows under a wide range of environmental conditions, which means there are lots of places out there where potential biological control. Text in the 2003 third edition was written by paul. Seven insects that attack all stages of patersons curse have been released in australia and are established in the field except for the root hair flea beetle.
The patersons curse crown weevil has taken 12 years to establish in sufficient numbers to reduce the size, vigour and density of patersons curse. It has been recorded in australia since the 1800s and is now a major weed in pastures and rangelands, but its introduction history is poorly understood. The department of primary industries and regional development. Four hundred successful releases of crown weevil m. Patersons curse management handbook semantic scholar. Effects of phosphorus on growth and competitive interactions of. Strategies to prevent poisoning by patersons c urse.
An understanding of its invasion pathway and subsequent genetic structure is critical to the successful. Patersons curse grows taller than the desired forage species. Paterson s curse crown weevil, paterson s curse crownboring weevil mogulones larvatus schultze paterson s curse root weevil, paterson s curse rootboring weevil. Another reason for that may be the presence of biological controls in our area. Based on the timing and location of 400 successful releases of insects specifically targeting echium species of weeds including patersonos curse osalvation janeo since 1992 across southern australia, and estimates of insect attack and spread rates. Mogulones larvatus, patersons curse taproot flea beetle, longitarsus echii, and pollen beetle, meligethes planiusculus, have been established in a number of sites in the tamar and may be available and could provide a long term solution to the control of patersons curse in this state as part of an integrated management. Introduction patersons curse echium plantagineum, also known as salvation jane, is a major weed in winter pastures. Based on the timing and location of 400 successful releases of insects specifically targeting echium species of weeds including patersonos curse osalvation janeo since 1992 across southern australia, and estimates of insect attack and spread rates according to dates of weed germination, a benefit cost analysis is developed for the biological control research and. Features good year for patersons curse biological control. Two species of lace bugs,dictyla echii schrank anddictyla nassata puton, were tested for host specificity as potential biological control agents for patersons curse,echium plantagineum l. Seasonal grazing management tactics, tactical application of herbicides and use of biological control agents can control new or existing patersons c urse infestations.
Spraying patersons curse weed killer should be done for many years in order to control the growth in highly infested areas as the seed bank remain intact for at least five years. Csiro has a long and successful history of using biological control agents as a cornerstone of sustainable management programs for weeds of national significance, such as. Biological control of patersons curse started in earnest in the late 1980s after a court battle involving bee keepers and six agents have now been released. Each insect attacks a different life stage of the plant. Read more about management and control of invasive plants references. The long delayed biological control programme for the weed patersons curse echium plantagineum has begun with the release of the leaf mining moth dialectica scalariella an insect slightly bigger than a mosquito. This landcare note describes the patersons curse crown and root boring weevils, mogulones spp. Biological control of patersons curse by john dodd and.
A national program for the biological control of patersons curse, led by csiro division of entomology, involves the establishment of populations of the weeds natural enemies in suitable infestations and the redistribution of them to new sites as populations increase. It is most obvious in spring but this may be too late for effective control. Biological control of patersons curse with stemboring beetle. Biological control of weeds has been practised for over 100 years and australia has been a leader in this weed management technique. The classical example of control of prickly pears in australia by the cactus moth cactoblastis cactorum, which was imported from the americas, helped to set the future for biocontrol of weeds in many countries. Managing paterson s curse to boot pasture production. Biological control solutions are also used in various parts to control the invasion of this toxic weed. This publication is provided for the purpose of disseminating information relating to.
This document is part of a larger publication and is. A crown weevil was released in 1992 and a root weevil in 1993. More commonly, other methods are still required to achieve the desired level of control. Benefitcost analysis for biological control of echium weed species patersons cursesalvation jane. Biological control should not be considered the complete answer to a paterson s curse problem. Patersons curse is a winter annual herb that often becomes the dominant species in pastures. Patersons curse germination, particularly during years when the autumn rains were late. It has also been introduced to australia, south africa and united states, where it is an invasive weed. Biological control is showing some promise as a means of controlling serious, established infestations in some parts of nsw.
Herbicides for patersons curse and vipers bugloss control. Patersons curse control tips for controlling invasive weeds. Patersons curse is a declared plant noxious weed and is a target for biological control. Patersons curse nsw department of primary industries.
As spring approaches patersons curse becomes more fibrous, less palatable and more dominant in the pasture. This document was originally published on the website of the. This document is part of a larger publication and is subject. Small areas of patersons curse can be controlled through manual removal individual plants can. A practical guide to biological control of patersons curse in australia 2nd edition cd rom. At early flowering of patersons curse for control of seed formation on plants growing along road sides. For paterson curse there is a suite of four insects that have been released. Biological control of prickly pear has been one of australias success stories when it comes to weed control. Genetic evidence for plural introduction pathways of the. Managing patersons c urse to boot pasture production.
N s w d p i primefacts mikala naughton former project officer weeds, orange agricultural institute jenene kidston district agronomist, mudgee paul sullivan coordinator, biological weed control, tamworth dr chris bourke. Patersons curse patersons curse is a weed that is widespread in australia and thrives in australian climatic and soil conditions. Some control methods described in this note are only effective if used in combination with other control options as part of. After patersons curse was declared a target organism and eight insect species declared agent organisms. Based on the timing, location and performance of these past releases of beneficial insects. Biological control is the management of a pest through the use of their natural enemies biological control agent.
Contact the molonglo catchment coordinator for information on how to access these biological controls. It can take many years for the insects to reach their full potential and spread. Strategies to prevent poisoning by patersons curse. Patersons curse 3d weed management guideline australian wool. Pdf benefitcost analysis for biological control of. In many areas, it is a dominant species in pastures and nonagricultural areas. Pdf benefitcost analysis for biological control of echium weed. Herbicides for patersons c urse and vipers bugloss control page content these herbicide recommendations are made subject to the product being registered for that purpose under relevant legislation. In some cases control is achieved to the level where the weed is no longer of concern and no other control is necessary. Biological control of paterson s curse started in earnest in the late 1980s after a court battle involving bee keepers and six agents have now been released. Patersons curse echium plantagineum osu extension catalog. The biological control act of 1984, designed to deal with con. If hay or grain is known to be contaminated with patersons curse, only feeding it in infested areas or areas where patersons curse will be easy to control when seeds germinate. Although patersons curse has the potential to be a really damaging weed, if outbreaks are spotted early, control and eradication can be achieved by using an integrated approach.
Patersons curse is an annual plant native to the mediterranean region. At euroa, in northeastern victoria, an insecticidal exclusion technique was used protect e. Biological control to reduce seeding, prevent seed set and reduce vigour of plants. Biological control is a long term control option that can be used as part of an iwm plan especially for non arable land or reserves. Biological control of patersons curse with the flower feeding beetle. Patersons curse is a winter annual herb that often becomes. Biological control see also page 73 for case study on biocontrol of patersons curse. Grubbing and cutting are suitable for young plants as long as 20 to 40mm of taproot is removed. In oregon, prevention, aggressive containment, and eradication of established populations are currently recommended since patersons curse does not infest extensive acreage. Patersons curse echium plantagineum, also known as. A range of test plants from the family boraginacea, from related families in the order laminales and from species of economic importance in australia which have had inadequate exposure in their countries. The long delayed biological control programme for the weed paterson s curse echium plantagineum has begun with the release of the leaf mining moth dialectica scalariella an insect slightly bigger than a mosquito. Inspect each paddock for patersons curse, preferably in winter and spring before seed set. Patersons curse identification for a description and illustrations of the plant.
Avoiding moving stock from infested to uninfested areas. Important information about management and control of invasive plants other management techniques if applicable spread prevention, biological control and changes in land use practices may also support paterson s curse managment after implementing the prescribed measures above. Successful biological control of patersons curse grassland society. Patersons curse crown weevil mogulones larvatus impacts in. Further information on paterson s curse, biological control of paterson s curse with crown and root boring weevils, biological control of paterson s curse with the flowering feeding beetle, biological control of paterson s curse with the stemboring beetle and biological control of paterson s curse with taproot flea beetle, can be found on he. Echium plantagineum, commonly known as purple vipersbugloss or patersons curse, is a species of echium native to western and southern europe from southern england south to iberia and east to the crimea, northern africa, and southwestern asia east to georgia. Pdf genetic evidence for plural introduction pathways of.
Biological control should not be considered the complete answer. Further information on patersons curse, biological control of patersons curse with crown and root boring weevils, biological control of patersons curse with the flowering feeding beetle, biological control of patersons curse with the stemboring beetle and biological control of patersons curse with taproot flea beetle, can be found on he. A biological control agent is an organism such as a virus, insect or plant disease. However, the reasons for its widespread success have received little attention in the past. Oregon department of agriculture noxious weed control program.
Attempts to control the weed are often unsuccessful and eradication in the long term is not feasible at this stage, meaning a new approach to the problem is required. Discussion in horse management started by debonair. Two halticine flea beetles,longitarsus echii koch andlongitarsus aeneus kutsch, occurring on the boraginaceous plantechium plantagineum l. Benefitcost analysis for biological control of echium weed species paterson s curse salvation jane. Patersons curse echium plantagineum patersons curse infests approximately 33 million hectares across australia. Prevention and sanitation it is imperative to be attentive to possible new introductions of patersons curse. Patersons curse germinates during the cooler months. N s w d p i primefacts department of primary industries.
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